Belgium now need a result against Liechtenstein on Tuesday to reach next summer's World Cup.
Chelsea striker Dastan Satpaev had put Kazakhstan ahead before Hans Vanaken levelled. But the Belgians couldn't find a winner, despite Kazakhstan going down to ten men.
Satpaev, 17, currently plays for Kairat and will move to Chelsea when he turns 18.
Meanwhile, Doku snapped afterwards: "We've already dropped too many points because we weren't good enough in a large number of matches.
"Our campaign hasn't gone well, no. Everyone needs to do better. The coach, me, everyone. Kevin (De Bruyne), Romelu (Lukaku). Thibaut (Couortois), if we need them to win against Kazakhstan then we can't do anything at the World Cup.
"We looked at this team and thought they would play long but then they played short and started playing football. It was a completely different match than last time. Maybe we didn't analyse our opponent enough."