The 45 year-old moves to the Irons from Brondby.
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Ankergren is a former Leeds United and Brighton goalkeeper and was part of Hammers manager Graham Potter's coaching staff at the Seagulls.
While with Brondby, Ankergren oversaw the development of Mads Hermansen, who is now with Leicester City, and current Brondby No1 and Austria international Patrick Pentz.
He now takes charge of goalkeeping at West Ham and will work closely with fellow new appointment and senior keeper coach Linus Kandolin.