The charismatic Austrian and Premier League title winner takes his first senior job in management after working as an assistant to Dean Smith with Charlotte FC in the US.
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Fuchs succeeds Dave Hughes, who was axed last week, and has penned a "long-term contract" with Newport.
"We see Christian as the sort of man to lead our club forward. I believe he matches our ambition and goals for Newport County FC," club chairman Huw Jenkins said.
"I do feel we can now look forward with a great deal of optimism. We'll look to improve our current situation in League Two and take things from there.
"Christian is ambitious and wants, one day, to manage in the Premier League, we believe he shares our strong belief in what Newport County can eventually become."