Robinson, 21, has had previous loan spells at Sutton United and Scottish club Livingston.
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He made his Scottish Premiership debut against Rangers at Ibrox in November before returning this month to London.
An energetic and athletic full back, Robinson is also an England youth international, having represented the Young Lions at both U15 and U17 level, making his U17 debut against Belgium in 2020.
Robinson's deal with West Ham runs to 2026.